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Next: Frame Geometry,Previous: Creating Frames,Up: Frames

29.2 Multiple Terminals

Emacs represents each terminal as a terminal object data type(see Terminal Type). On GNU and Unix systems, Emacs can usemultiple terminals simultaneously in each session. On other systems,it can only use a single terminal. Each terminal object has thefollowing attributes:

  • The name of the device used by the terminal (e.g., ‘:0.0’ or/dev/tty).
  • The terminal and keyboard coding systems used on the terminal. See Terminal I/O Encoding.
  • The kind of display associated with the terminal. This is the symbolreturned by the function terminal-live-p (i.e., x,t, w32, ns, or pc). See Frames.
  • A list of terminal parameters. See Terminal Parameters.

There is no primitive for creating terminal objects. Emacs createsthem as needed, such as when you call make-frame-on-display(described below).

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— Function: terminal-name &optional terminal

This function returns the file name of the device used byterminal. If terminal is omitted or nil, itdefaults to the selected frame's terminal. terminal can also bea frame, meaning that frame's terminal.

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— Function: terminal-list

This function returns a list of all live terminal objects.

— Function: get-device-terminal device

This function returns a terminal whose device name is given bydevice. If device is a string, it can be either the filename of a terminal device, or the name of an X display of the form‘host:server.screen’. If device is aframe, this function returns that frame's terminal; nil meansthe selected frame. Finally, if device is a terminal objectthat represents a live terminal, that terminal is returned. Thefunction signals an error if its argument is none of the above.

— Function: delete-terminal &optional terminal force

This function deletes all frames on terminal and frees theresources used by it. It runs the abnormal hookdelete-terminal-functions, passing terminal as theargument to each function.

If terminal is omitted or nil, it defaults to theselected frame's terminal. terminal can also be a frame,meaning that frame's terminal.

Normally, this function signals an error if you attempt to delete thesole active terminal, but if force is non-nil, you areallowed to do so. Emacs automatically calls this function when thelast frame on a terminal is deleted (see Deleting Frames).

— Variable: delete-terminal-functions

An abnormal hook run by delete-terminal. Each functionreceives one argument, the terminal argument passed todelete-terminal. Due to technical details, the functions maybe called either just before the terminal is deleted, or justafterwards.

A few Lisp variables are terminal-local; that is, they have aseparate binding for each terminal. The binding in effect at any timeis the one for the terminal that the currently selected frame belongsto. These variables include default-minibuffer-frame,defining-kbd-macro, last-kbd-macro, andsystem-key-alist. They are always terminal-local, and cannever be buffer-local (see Buffer-Local Variables).

On GNU and Unix systems, each X display is a separate graphicalterminal. When Emacs is started from within the X window system, ituses the X display specified by the DISPLAY environmentvariable, or by the ‘--display’ option (see Initial Options). Emacs can connect to other X displaysvia the command make-frame-on-display. Each X display has itsown selected frame and its own minibuffer windows; however, only oneof those frames is the selected frame at any given moment(see Input Focus). Emacs can even connect to other textterminals, by interacting with the emacsclient program. See Emacs Server.

A single X server can handle more than one display. Each X displayhas a three-part name,‘hostname:displaynumber.screennumber’. Thefirst part, hostname, specifies the name of the machine to whichthe display is physically connected. The second part,displaynumber, is a zero-based number that identifies one ormore monitors connected to that machine that share a common keyboardand pointing device (mouse, tablet, etc.). The third part,screennumber, identifies a zero-based screen number (a separatemonitor) that is part of a single monitor collection on that X server. When you use two or more screens belonging to one server, Emacs knowsby the similarity in their names that they share a single keyboard.

Systems that don't use the X window system, such as MS-Windows,don't support the notion of X displays, and have only one display oneach host. The display name on these systems doesn't follow the above3-part format; for example, the display name on MS-Windows systems isa constant string ‘w32’, and exists for compatibility, so thatyou could pass it to functions that expect a display name.

— Command: make-frame-on-display display &optional parameters

This function creates and returns a new frame on display, takingthe other frame parameters from the alist parameters. display should be the name of an X display (a string).

Before creating the frame, this function ensures that Emacs is setup to display graphics. For instance, if Emacs has not processed Xresources (e.g., if it was started on a text terminal), it does so atthis time. In all other respects, this function behaves likemake-frame (see Creating Frames).

— Function: x-display-list

This function returns a list that indicates which X displays Emacs hasa connection to. The elements of the list are strings, and each oneis a display name.

— Function: x-open-connection display &optional xrm-string must-succeed

This function opens a connection to the X display display,without creating a frame on that display. Normally, Emacs Lispprograms need not call this function, as make-frame-on-displaycalls it automatically. The only reason for calling it is to checkwhether communication can be established with a given X display.

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The optional argument xrm-string, if not nil, is a stringof resource names and values, in the same format used in the.Xresources file. See X Resources. These values apply to all Emacs frames created onthis display, overriding the resource values recorded in the X server. Here's an example of what this string might look like:

If must-succeed is non-nil, failure to open the connectionterminates Emacs. Otherwise, it is an ordinary Lisp error.

— Function: x-close-connection display

This function closes the connection to display display. Beforeyou can do this, you must first delete all the frames that were openon that display (see Deleting Frames).

On some multi-monitor setups, a single X display outputs to morethan one physical monitor. You can use the functionsdisplay-monitor-attributes-list and frame-monitor-attributesto obtain information about such setups.

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— Function: display-monitor-attributes-listTerminalEmacs For Os X Terminal &optional display

This function returns a list of physical monitor attributes ondisplay, which can be a display name (a string), a terminal, ora frame; if omitted or nil, it defaults to the selected frame'sdisplay. Each element of the list is an association list,representing the attributes of a physical monitor. The first elementcorresponds to the primary monitor. The attribute keys and valuesare:

‘geometry’
Position of the top-left corner of the monitor's screen and its size,in pixels, as ‘(xywidthheight)’. Notethat, if the monitor is not the primary monitor, some of thecoordinates might be negative.
‘workarea’
Position of the top-left corner and size of the work area (usablespace) in pixels as ‘(xywidthheight)’. This may be different from ‘geometry’ in that space occupied byvarious window manager features (docks, taskbars, etc.) may beexcluded from the work area. Whether or not such features actuallysubtract from the work area depends on the platform and environment. Again, if the monitor is not the primary monitor, some of thecoordinates might be negative.
‘mm-size’
Width and height in millimeters as ‘(widthheight)’
‘frames’
List of frames that this physical monitor dominates (see below).
‘name’
Name of the physical monitor as string.
‘source’
Source of the multi-monitor information as string;e.g., ‘XRandr’ or ‘Xinerama’.

x, y, width, and height are integers. ‘name’ and ‘source’ may be absent.

A frame is dominated by a physical monitor when either thelargest area of the frame resides in that monitor, or (if the framedoes not intersect any physical monitors) that monitor is the closestto the frame. Every (non-tooltip) frame (whether visible or not) in agraphical display is dominated by exactly one physical monitor at atime, though the frame can span multiple (or no) physical monitors.

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Here's an example of the data produced by this function on a 2-monitordisplay:

— Function: frame-monitor-attributes &optional frame

This function returns the attributes of the physical monitordominating (see above) frame, which defaults to the selected frame.

(Redirected from Terminal (OS X))
Terminal
Developer(s)Apple Inc.
Operating systemmacOS
Platformx86-64, IA-32, PowerPC
TypeTerminal emulator
Websitewww.apple.com/macosx/features/unix/

Terminal (Terminal.app) is the terminal emulator included in the macOSoperating system by Apple.[1] Terminal originated in NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, the predecessor operating systems of macOS.[2]

As a terminal emulator, the application provides text-based access to the operating system, in contrast to the mostly graphical nature of the user experience of macOS, by providing a command line interface to the operating system when used in conjunction with a Unix shell, such as zsh (the default shell in macOS Catalina[3]).[4] The user can choose other shells available with macOS, such as the Korn shell, tcsh, and bash.[4][5]

The preferences dialog for Terminal.app in OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion) and later offers choices for values of the TERM environment variable. Available options are ansi, dtterm, nsterm, rxvt, vt52, vt100, vt102, xterm, xterm-16color and xterm-256color, which differ from the OS X 10.5 (Leopard) choices by dropping the xterm-color and adding xterm-16color and xterm-256color. These settings do not alter the operation of Terminal, and the xterm settings do not match the behavior of xterm.[6]

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Terminal includes several features that specifically access macOS APIs and features. These include the ability to use the standard macOS Help search function to find manual pages and integration with Spotlight.[citation needed] Terminal was used by Apple as a showcase for macOS graphics APIs in early advertising of Mac OS X,[citation needed] offering a range of custom font and coloring options, including transparent backgrounds.

See also[edit]

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  • iTerm2, GPL-licensed terminal emulator for macOS
  • Terminator, open-source terminal emulator programmed in Java

References[edit]

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  1. ^'What Is Mac OS X - All Applications and Utilities - Terminal'. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.
  2. ^Wünschiers, Röbbe (January 1, 2004). Computational Biology: Unix/Linux, data processing and programming : with 19 figures and 12 tables. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9783540211426.
  3. ^'Use zsh as the default shell on your Mac'. Apple Support. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  4. ^ abMcElhearn, Kirk (December 26, 2006). The Mac OS X Command Line: Unix Under the Hood. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9780470113851.
  5. ^Kissell, Joe (January 1, 2009). Take Control of the Mac Command Line with Terminal. TidBITS Publishing, Inc. ISBN9781933671550.
  6. ^'nsterm - AppKit Terminal.app', terminfo.src, retrieved June 7, 2013

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